The object may be familiar from the subject's past experience or from previous tasks within an experiment. Candle problem Candle box problem diagram In a classic experiment demonstrating functional fixedness, Duncker [1] gave participants a candle, a box of thumbtacks, and a book of matches, and asked them to attach the candle to the wall so that it did not drip onto the table below.
Download MP3, 29 minutes long. Two Ways There are two ways for people to get along in this world. One looks like this. And the other looks like this. In the first, one person is above the other, with communication going from the upper to the lower.
In the second people are side by side, with communication going both ways. And so I will talk about it first.
We see it in business, in government, and in families. Before I explain what makes it seem efficient, let me give names to the two people. I call the upper person the Master, and the lower one the Slave. After a while, people actually began to object to my words.
Check out the controversies here. They did not want to be labeled or they already had other uses for the words. But then, I looked deeper at the use of the terms and found that two great philosophers used the same terms for the same issues: So I guessed I was in good company and kept the terms — Master and Slave.
Because in it decisions not necessarily good ones can be made very quickly. And often quick decisions are important to a group of people. This truth system determines all the black and white things, what is absolute.
How does it work? If you want to know what is the true — you ask the Master. What is really going on? What should be done? You never ask the Slave. If a couple wants to decide whether they are going to go into town on a Saturday afternoon, they simply turn to the Master.
It falls apart all the time.
You can see this all around you. What makes it so?
First, Masters never know when the Slave is going to rebel. Slaves always rebel sooner or later. Think of the great slave rebellions in history: Second source of instability is in the poor quality of the decisions made. Both Master and Slave have lots of data.
But Slaves are not talking. They are typically quiet, and are told to be. Amazingly the Slave often knows more about what is going on than Masters do. Slaves know what they themselves know and they know what the Master knows since the Master talks.
I call it the Punishment System and it creates the painful things that happen or are threatened to happen to the Slave, if the Slave does not go along with the point of view of the Master. Now, the punishment system comes in two forms: This includes shaming, ridiculing, put-downs, humiliation, derogation, etc.
The shaming can be very subtle or quite obvious. In a company this might mean a demotion. What do you know! I think it worth mentioning that threat is just as effective as actual punishment.
The brain is designed to recall things that lead up to pain and learns to react to the warning of pain just as quickly as to the actual pain.Challenging Problem or Question The heart of a project – what it is “about,” if one were to sum it up – is a problem to investigate and solve, or a question to explore and answer.
Two Ways. There are two ways for people to get along in this world. One looks like this. And the other looks like this. In the first, one person is above the other, . Essay 4 Done to help an organization change. My company is a family owned organization run by conventional management techniques, which include visiting the plant everyday and solving .
Community Problem Solving Paper Community Problem-Solving Janice S. Gordon-Caddy CJA/ January 19, Kendra Owens-Johnson Community Problem-Solving Block watch is a program that was started to allow neighbors to look out for neighbors and to help prevent crime.
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